Complicaciones de pacientes con trasplante renal en las primeras 48 horas en un hospital de tercer nivel de atención / Complications of patients with kidney transplantation in the first 48 hours in a third level hospital

Introducción: el trasplante renal (TR) es la terapia de elección en la mayoría de los pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónica terminal. El conocimiento cada vez más amplio de la inmunología, la mejoría en las técnicas quirúrgicas, el uso de mejores fármacos inmunosupresores y los cuidados en el seguimiento posterior al trasplante han permitido reducir la incidencia de pérdida de injerto y han mejorado la calidad de vida de los pacientes luego del TR. Objetivo: identificar las complicaciones más frecuentes en las primeras 48 horas en pacientes con TR en un hospital de tercer nivel de atención. Métodos: estudio descriptivo y transversal en una muestra aleatoria de 41 pacientes con TR registrados del 5 de enero al 5 de septiembre de 2017 en un hospital de tercer nivel de atención de la ciudad de Veracruz. La información se recabó del expediente clínico como unidad de análisis. Los datos se analizaron con medidas de tendencia central y dispersión. Resultados: el 65.9% fueron hombres; la edad promedio fue de 35 ± 11.3 años. La principal causa de lesión renal crónica fue etiología no determinada (53.7%) e hipoplasia renal (14.6%). El motivo de egreso fue por mejoría en 97.6%. Solo en 10% de los pacientes se presentaron complicaciones, principalmente trombosis segmentada de vena safena interna (30%), trombosis de injerto (3%), trombosis venosa profunda de segmento femoral (2%) y disminución del flujo vascular renal de polo inferior (2%). Conclusión: las complicaciones que se presentaron en los pacientes postrasplantados de riñón en las primeras 48 horas fueron las de tipo vascular.

Introduction: Kidney transplantation is the therapy of choice in the majority of patients with end-stage chronic renal failure. The increasing knowledge of immunology, the improvement in surgical techniques, the use of better immunosuppressive drugs and post-transplant follow-up care have reduced the incidence of graft loss and improved the patients' quality of life after kidney transplantation. Objective: To identify the most frequent complications in the first 48 hours in patients who underwent kidney transplantation in a third level hospital. Methods: Cross-sectional, descriptive study in a random sample of 41 patients with kidney transplantation registered from January 5 to September 5, 2017, in a third level hospital from the city of Veracruz. The information was collected from the clinical record as an analysis unit. Data were analyzed with measures of central tendency and dispersion. Results: 65.9% of patients were male; the average age was 35 ± 11.3 years. The main cause of chronic renal injury was undetermined etiology (53.7%) and renal hypoplasia (14.6%). The reason for discharge was improved health in 97.6% of patients. Only 10% of patients presented complications, mainly internal saphenous vein thrombosis (30%), graft thrombosis (3%), deep venous thrombosis of the femoral segment (2%) and decreased renal vascular flow of the lower pole (2%). Conclusion: The complications that occurred in patients who underwent kidney transplantation in the first 48 hours were vascular.

Cytomegalovirus infection in renal transplantation: clinical aspects, management and the perspectives / Infecção pelo citomegalovírus no transplante de rim: aspectos clínicos, manejo e perspectivas

Cytomegalovirus infection is one of most frequent infectious complications after renal transplantation, and can be classified as primo-infection, when the transmission occurs through the graft, or reactivation, when the recipient is cytomegalovirus seropositive. After transplantation, cytomegalovirus can appear as an infection, when the patient presents with evidence of viral replication without symptoms or disease, which has two clinical spectra: typical viral syndrome or invasive disease, which is a less common form. Their effects can be classified as direct, while the disease is developed, or indirect, with an increase of acute rejection and chronic allograft dysfunction risks. Diagnosis must be made based on viremia by one of the standardized methods: antigenemia or PCR, which is more sensitive. The risk factors related to infection after transplantation are the serologic matching (positive donor and negative recipient) and anti-lymphocyte antibody drugs. One of the strategies to reduce risk of disease should be chosen for patients at high risk: preemptive treatment or universal prophylaxis. Recent clinical research has described ganciclovir resistance as an emergent problem in management of cytomegalovirus infection. Two types of mutation that cause resistance were described: UL97 (most frequent) and UL54. Today, sophisticated methods of immunologic monitoring to detect specific T-cell clones against cytomegalovirus are used in clinical practice to improve the management of high-risk patients after renal transplantation.

A infecção pelo citomegalovírus é uma das principais complicações após o transplante de rim, podendo ser classificada em primoinfecção, quando a transmissão ocorre por meio do enxerto, ou em reativação, quando o receptor é soropositivo. Do ponto de vista clínico, pode se apresentar como infecção, na ausência de sintomas, ou como doença, com dois diferentes espectros: a síndrome viral típica ou, menos comumente, a doença invasiva. Os efeitos podem ser diretos, que é o desenvolvimento da doença, ou indiretos, como aumento no risco de rejeição aguda e de disfunção crônica do enxerto. O diagnóstico deve ser feito por pesquisa de viremia por meio de um dos dois métodos padronizados: antigenemia ou PCR − sendo essa última a mais sensível. Os fatores de risco relacionados com a infecção após o transplante são o match sorológico (doador positivo e receptor negativo) e o uso de anticorpos antilinfócitos. Uma das estratégias de redução de risco de doença deve ser escolhida após o transplante nos pacientes de alto risco: tratamento preemptivo ou profilaxia. Recentemente, linhas de pesquisa clínica têm apontado a resistência ao ganciclovir como um problema emergente no manejo da infecção pelo citomegalovírus. Duas formas de mutação que causam resistência são descritas: UL97, que é a mais frequente, e a UL54. Atualmente, sofisticados métodos de monitorização imunológica, como a detecção de clones específicos de células T contra o citomegalovírus podem ser utilizados na prática clínica para o melhor manejo após o transplante renal dos pacientes de alto risco.